Elementi di grammatica inglese

Materie:	Appunti
Categoria:	Inglese
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Data:	25.03.2008
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English
Grammar

VERBI
Present simple
Azioni abituali
Orari fissati ( es orari del treno ) The train leaves at 3.
Present perfect continous
1. Used for activities in an unfinished period of time
Usato per attivitа in un periodo di tempo non definito
2. It focuses on an activity in progress, a not finished action
Si concentra su un’attivitа in progresso, un’azione non finite
Quindi non si usa mai con espressioni del tipo due anni fa, la settimana scorsa…
Perт si usa con oggi, se la giornata non и finita, oppure questa settimana , se la settimana non и finita.

3. It is used for a recent temporary activity
E’ usato per un azione recente e temporanea
Es. Recently I’ve been tired . Recentemente sono stanca
4. It is used for a repeated / extended activity
E’ usato per un’azione ripetuta.
I’ve been two times in England.
5. Differences : present continuous versus present simple. The p. continuous is used for an activity in progress the present simple is used for a completion of an activity.
Differenze : il present continuous contro il present simple . Il primo и usato per un’attivitа in corso il secondo и usato per il completamento di un’attivitа.
Past simple continuous
Past simple + -ing
I was drinking water when….. Stavo bevendo l’acqua quando…
1 Azione continua nel passato
2 Azione interrotta
3 Azione contemporanea
4 Descrizioni dell’ambiente
5 Descrizione di comportamenti tipici
Past perfect simple
Had + past participle
Ex I had played.
For actions before a past time
Per azioni o eventi che si sono svolte prima di un tempo passato.
Ex.
When we got to the airport the plane had already left.
Quando siamo arrivati all’aereoporto l’aereo era giа partito.
Corrisponde al tempo italiano : trapassato prossimo
Past perfect continuous
Had + been + -ing
I had been working
For an activity over a period of time up to a specific point in the past.
Per un’attivitа per un periodo di tempo fino ad uno specifico momento del passato.
E’ un’azione che continua per un periodo di tempo ma a differenza del present continuous и un’azione che si и svolta nel passato.
Before I came to London I had been working in Paris for 3 years.
Prima che arrivai a Londra avevo lavorato a Parigi per 3 anni.
They had been waiting for an hour when the bus finally arrived.
Avevano aspettato per un’ora quando l’autobus finalmente arrivт.
Differences TO MAKE - TO DO
Make и generalmente usato quando si fa qualcosa di concreto, si costruisce qualcosa si crea qualcosa . Ci sono perт delle eccezioni.
Studiare molto bene questi esempi:
MAKE
Make someone laugh : fare ridere qualcuno
Make a cake: fare una torta
Make a noise: fare un rumore
Make a mistake : fare un errore
Make a comment : fare un commento
Make an arrangement : fare un programma
Make a good impression: fare una buona impressione
Make me an offer: farmi un’offerta
Make me a promise : farmi una promessa
Make a statement : fare un’affermazione
Make peace : fare pace
Make love : fare l’amore
Make war : fare la guerra
DO
Do me a favour : fammi un favore
Do the washing up : lavare i piatti ( a mano)
Do your duty : fare il tuo dovere
Do the shopping : fare la spesa ( cibo) ATTENZIONE! и diverso da go shopping : fare shopping
Do the exercise : fare l’esercizio
Do homework : fare i compiti ATTENZIONE non esiste il plurale di HOMEWORK!
Do a good job : fare un buon lavoro
Do the best : fare il meglio
Do nothing : fare niente
Phrasal verbs with the verb TO MAKE / TO DO
To make up = to invent inventare
To make up for = repay to compensate for recuperare
To make for = to head for, to go in the direction of andare nella direzione di…
To made off with = to steal rubare
To make out = to see with difficulties vedere con difficoltа
To do without = to manage without riuscire senza…
To do up = to decorate decorare
Phrasal verbs with the verb TO GET
GET = receive, obtain, become , arrive, purchase, take ricevere ottenere diventare arrivare comprare, prendere
Ex I got 25 in history
I got angry
I got to the station
I got a new t-shirt
Get married sposarsi
Get sick ammalarsi
Get tired stancarsi
Get ready prepararsi
Get at = suggest, imply suggerire insinuare
Get away with = escape a punishment scampare una punzione
They got away with the robbery. Sono scappati con la refurtiva.
Get by on = mange survive sopravvivere riuscire
Get down = depress deprimersi
Get on = be on friendly term I get on well with my mum. Vado d’accordo con mia mamma
Get out of = avoid evitare I got out of doing the dishes because.. Ho evitato di lavare…
Get over = recover from guarire da I got over the illness. Sono guarito dalla malattia
Get round to = persuade persuadere How did you get your mother round to give you the car?
Come sei riuscito a persuadere tua mamma a lasciarti l’auto?
Get throught = make contact with riuscire a contattare I couldn’t get through the line was busy. Non sono riuscito a contattarti la linea era occupata.
Get around = move around muoversi andare in giro
The article
Quando usare l’articolo The
1 Qualcosa di unico per il mondo
The sun, the moon , the stars, the universe
2 Qualcosa che и giа stato menzionato
His car hit a tree, you can still see the mark on the tree
La sua auto ha colpito un albero, puoi ancora vedere il segno sull’albero
3 Per definire
The man from the pizzeria. L’uomo della pizzeria
The man with the green t-shirt. L’uomo con la maglietta verde.
4 The best / old / young / poor / rich
5 The Thames , the Netherlands, the Usa ( fiumi e stati al plurale)
6 In the north , in the south, in the east, in the west
7 The Mac Shane (famiglie)
Va omesso per nomi astratti death / honesty morte onestа

Verbi modali ( e passato)
Can could
May might
Must had to
Ought
Shall
Should
Will would
Tutti a parte ought to sono seguiti dall’infinito senza il to
Beware of guardarsi da , attenzione a…
Clammy umido
Sheepishness sentirsi come una pecora
Share a love for condividere un amore per…
To match stare bene insieme accostati yellow matches black il giallo sta bene col nero
To fit andare bene di misure This t-shirt doesn’t fit me it’s too small
To suit andare bene di colore Red really suits you
ADECTIVES ORDER Ordine degli aggettivi
Prima di tutto vanno gli aggettivi di opinione bello, brutto interessante….
Poi quelli di oggettivi
Remember the word “SACOM”
1 Size
2 Age
3 Colour
4 Origin
5 Material
In inglese gli aggettivi vanno messi in ordine
Es. a beautiful old black italian cat
An interesting big new brown german cotton t shirt
SHOPS
Stationery cartoleria
Pharmacy farmacia
Chemist’s
Butcher’s macelleria
Electrical store
Ironmonger’s
Hardwarestore
Kitchen shop
Baker’s panetteria
Kiosk
Newsagent’s
Post office
Souvenir shop
Greengrocer’s
Indirect questions . Domande indirette
L’ordine и quello delle frasi affirmative ovvero in prima posizione il pronome ed in second ail verbo.
Non c’и inversione verbo soggetto
When were you born ? si trasforma nella in direct question May I ask when you were born?
Where do you live? I’d like to know where you live.
To daze abbagliare
The bestman testimone dello sposo
To mend riparare
There must be a catch ci dev’essere una fregatura
Vedere guardare…..
To notice
To see
To gaze
To recognise
To stare
To observe
To look
To admire
To glance
To watch
To see a move To watch tv
To row remare
A row una lite
To boost incrementare
Prefixes Prefissi ( studia bene le parole che non conosci)
Rearrange rename repay reappear rebuild recharge reconsider reread reprint
Overreact overdone overpriced overcharge overcrowded overexcited overprepared overpay overconfident
Underestimate undercharge underdone underpay underprepared understaffed underpaid undervalued
Post-war post Christmas post dinner post lunch
Pre Christian pre school pre pay pre lunch pre war prepared
Half open half eaten half asleep half finished half afraid half price
Semi permanent semi detached semi automatic semi retired semi final
Midway midweek mid morning mid twenties mid air mid winter mid sentence
Self confident self thought self respect self pity self defence self service.
To see off = to say goodbye dire addio
To look up to = to respect rispettare
To look into = to investigate investigare
To look out for = cercare
To look out = fare attenzione
To look after = occuparsi di
To see through
To look in
To look forward to = non vedere l’ora di
Gruelling impegnativo
Wilderness selvaticitа
Hazy offuscato
Scattered intermittenti
Glace force wind vento molto forte
Compound prepositions
Studiare bene la preposione che reggono!
Due to
Thanks to
Apart from
Together with
Because of
Owing to
Except for
In common with
As well as
According to
On behalf of
Instead of
Opposite… opposti
Legible illegible
Legal illegal
Literate illiterate
Understand misunderstand
Read misread
Behave misbhave
Hear mishear
Pronounce mispronounce
Spell misspell
Appropriate inappropriate
Sincere insincere
Accurate inaccurate
Active inactive
Convenient inconveniente
Credible incredibile
Direct in direct
Experienced inexperienced
Formal informal
Tollerant intollerant
Patient impatient
Possibile impossibile
Mature immature
Moral immoral
Appear disappear
Agree disagree
Like dislike
Qualify disqualify
Obey disobey
Wrapped unwrapped
Just unjust
Tidy untidy
Satisfactory unsatisfactory
Able unable
Comfortable uncomfortable
Fair unfair
Necessary unnecessary
Fortunate unfortunate
Pleasant unpleasant
Usual unusual
Willing unwilling
Screw unscrew
Do undo
Tie untie
Button unbutton
Pack unpack
In ordine di lunghezza
Trip
Excursion
Journey
Travel
Hearse
Loft
Porch
Shack
Shed
Stable
Meadow
Pasture
Phrasal verbs with the verb TO GIVE
Give away
Give back restituire
Give in arrendersi
Give out distribuire
Give up smettere di fare qualcosa
TO HAVE
Have round
Have on
Have back
Significato differente di CAN MUST-
She can’t be jocking - I’m sure she isn’t
She can’t tell jokes She’s not good at
She must be joking I’m sure she is
She mustn’t tell lies She isn’t allowed to
You can’t leave now It’s not a good idea to go , I won’t let you go
You could leave now It would be possible to go
You don’t have to leave now It’s unnecessary to go
You needn’t leave now It’s unnecessary to go
You shouldn’t leave now It’s not a good idea to go
I should have given her my phone number I didn’t five her the n°
I had to five her my phone number I gave her the n°
I didn’t have to give her my phone n° I didn’t give her the n°
She wouldn’t let me give her my phone n° I didn’t give her the n°
He can’t have gone to hospital I’m sure he didn’t go
He couldn’t go to hospital He didn’t go because he wasn’t ablet
He needn’t have gone to hospital He went, but it was unnecessary to
He shouldn’t have gone to hospital He went but it was a mistake to do so
He must have gone to hospital I’m convinced he has gone
Guardare bene le differenze di significato di
Can
Can’t
Must
Mustn’t
Need
don’t need
have to
don’t have to
don’t have to e needn’t significano non и necessario mustn’t non devi shouldn’t non dovresti
plaster gesso
filling otturazione
stab accoltellare
measles morbillo
freackles vertigini
staine macchie
choking soffocare
off your food
out of order
out of sorts di mal umore
under the weather sentirsi male
bump bernocolo
faint svenire
to affect the effect
grimy
ban
harsher
pool survey
hazard
hint
kick the habit
in time appena in tempo
on time in tempo
AT
At first, at all , at least , at loss, at the moment, at once , at peace, at a profit, at any rate, at a time, at the same time, at war.
BY
By accident, by all means, by car , by chance, by day, by far, by heart, by mistake, by night, by plane, by post, by sight, by surprise, by the time, by yourself.
ON
On business, on duty , on purpose, on the other hand, on the house, on the phone, on the whole, on holiday, on time, on your own.
OUT OF
Out of date, out of doors, out of order, out of reach, out of work.
CONDITIONAL Condizionale
Periodo ipotetico
Ci sono 3 tipi ( per quest’esame servono solo I primi due il terzo va in perfezionamento)
Primo periodo certezza
IF +Presente + presente
IF + Presente + futuro ( will )
What happens if I press this button?
If I go home I’ll call him.
Cosa succede se premo questo bottone?
Se vado a casa lo chiamo.
MAI MAI MAI usare will o would nella frase con l’IF!!!!!
Secondo periodo possibilitа
If + past simple + would (‘d)
If I won the lottery I’d buy a new car.
Se vincessi alla lotteria Comprerei un’auto nuova
Non и sicuro che vinco!
Per perfezionamento
Terzo tipo impossibilitа
IF + past perfect + would have
If I had won the lottery I would have bought a new car.
Se avessi vinto alla lotteria avrei comprato un’auto nuova.
Ma non ho vinto quindi non и piщ possibile ciт.