Appunti grammatica inglese

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Testo

Pronomi personali

PRONOMI PERSONALI SOGGETTO
PRONOMI PERSONALI COMPLEMENTO
1° persona singolare
I
io
me
me/mi
2° persona singolare
you
tu
you
te/ti
3° persona singolare
he
lui/egli
him
lo/gli
3° persona singolare
she
lei/ella
her
la/le
3° persona singolare
it
esso/essa
it
lo/gli/la/le

1° persona plurale
we
noi
us
ce/ci
2° persona plurale
you
voi
you
ve/vi
3° persona plurale
they
loro/essi/esse
them
li/gli/le
Aggettivi e pronomi possessivi

PRONOMI POSSESSIVI
AGGETTIVI POSSESSIVI
1° persona singolare
Mine
My
Mio…
2° persona singolare
Yours
Your
Tuo...
3° persona singolare
His
His
Suo di lui
3° persona singolare
Hers
Her
Suo di lei
3° persona singolare
its
Its
Suo(oggetto)

1° persona plurale
Ours
Our
Nostro...
2° persona plurale
Yours
Your
Vostro…
3° persona plurale
Theirs
their
Loro…
Aggettivi e Pronomi interrogativi
Who Chi
What Quale-che
Which Quale(tra i..)
Whose Di chi
Question words
How Come
When Quando
Where Dove
Why Perché?
Aggettivi e Pronomi
Dimostrativi
This questo
That quello
These questi
Those quelli
Plurale
Maggior parte dei Sostantivi
Suffisso Plurale
-s
Sostantivi che terminano con...
Suffisso Plurale
-s
-es
-sh
-ch
-x
-z
-o
(eccetto parole di origine straniera)
-consonante + y
-ies
-f
(eccetto roof - proof - handkerchief - cliff -chief - belief )
-ves
-fe
-um
-a
-on
-is
-es
Sostantivi con Plurale Irregolare
Singolare

Plurale
man
(uomo)
men
(uomo)
woman
(donna)
women
(donna)
child
(bambino)
children
(bambini)
foot
(piede)
feet
(piedi)
tooth
(dente)
teeth
(denti)
mouse
(topo)
mice
(topi)
Articolo
Articolo determinativo
Esempio
the
the office -> l'ufficio
the printer -> la stampante
Articolo indeterminativo
Esempio
a -> consonante

a -> parole che iniziano con i suoni /ju/ e /ua/
a printer -> una stampante
a house -> una casa
a European city -> una città europea
a one-way street -> una strada a senso unico
an -> vocale
an -> h muta, cioè non aspirata
an office -> un ufficio
an hour -> un'ora
an honest man-> un uomo onesto
an honour -> un onore

Preposizioni di Stato in Luogo
in (in/a)
at (a/in)
on (su/sopra -
con contatto)
over (su/sopra/al di sopra -
senza contatto)
under (sotto)
near (vicino/vicino a)
next to, beside, by (affianco/accanto a)
behind (dietro a/di)
in front of (davanti a/di fronte a)
opposite (dirimpetto/faccia a faccia)
in the middle of (nel centro di/nel mezzo di)
between (tra/fra 2)
among (tra/fra molti-più di 2)
Preposizioni
Preposizioni di Moto a Luogo
from (da)
to (a/in)
out of (fuori da)
into (in/dentro-luogo chiuso)

Indefinito
Uso
Esempio
some
(qualche/del/alcuno)
frasi affermative
I've got some cheese -> Ho un po' di formaggio
any
(qualche/del/alcuno)
frasi negative e interrogative*
Have you got any eggs? -> Hai delle uova?
There aren't any books -> Non ci sono libri
no
(nessun)
come aggettivo al posto di not...any
There are no books -> Non ci sono libri
much
(molto)
di solito frasi negative e interrogative con i sostantivi non numerabili
I don't usually eat much bread -> Di solito non mangio molto pane
Have you got much money? -> Hai molti soldi?
many
(molto)
di solito frasi negative e interrogative con i sostantivi numerabili
Have you got many friends? -> Hai molti amici?
There aren't many computers at school -> Non ci sono molti computer a scuola
a lot of
(lots of)
(molto)
di solito frasi affermative** sia con i numerabili che con i non numerabili
(lots of è più informale e indica una quantità maggiore)
We've got a lot of students this year -> Abbiamo molti studenti quest'anno

Verbo essere
presente

AFFERMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA
Forma per esteso
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is

I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
Am I …?
Are you…?
Is he…?
Is she…?
Is it…?
Am I not…?
Are you not…?
Is he not…?
Is she not…?
Is it not…?
We are
You are
They are

We are not
You are not
They are not
Are we…?
Are you…?
Are they…?
Are we not…?
Are you not…?
Are they not…?





Forma contratta
I’m
You’re


He’s

She’s

It’s

I’m not
You’re not You aren’t
He’s not He isn’t
She’s not She isn’t
It’s not It isn’t

Aren’t I…?
Aren’t you…?

Isn’t he…?

Isn’t she…?

Isn’t it…?
We’re

You’re

They’re
We’re not We aren’t
You’re not You aren’t
They’re not They aren’t

Aren’t we…?

Aren’t you…?

Aren’t they…?
Forma AFFERMATIVA: Soggetto + TO BE + complemento (Es: Mark is American.)
Forma NEGATIVA: Soggetto + TO BE + NOT + complemento (Es: Mark is not American.)
Forma INTERROGATIVA: TO BE + soggetto + complemento (Es: Is Mark American?)
Forma INTERROGATIVA-NEGATIVA: forma contratta di BE/ NOT+ soggetto + complemento (Es: Isn’t Mark American?).
Simple past

AFFERMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA
Forma per esteso
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was

I was not
You were not
He was not
She was not
It was not
Was I …?
Were you…?
Was he…?
Was she…?
Was it…?
Was I not…?
Were you not…?
Was he not…?
Was she not…?
Was it not…?
We were
You were
They were

We were not
You were not
They were not
Were we…?
Were you…?
Were they…?
Were we not…?
Were you not…?
Were they not…?





Forma contratta

I wasn’t
You weren’t
He wasn’t
She wasn’t
It wasn’t

Wasn’t I…?
Weren’t you…?
Wasn’t he…?
Wasn’t she…?
Wasn’t it…?

We weren’t
You weren’t
They weren’t

Weren’t we…?
Weren’t you…?
Weren’t they…?
Verbo avere
Presente
AFFERMATIVA

NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
Forma per esteso
I have (got)
You have (got)
He has (got)
She has (got)
It has (got)

I have not got
You have not got
He has not got
She has not got
It has not got

Have I got …?
Have you got …?
Has he got …?
Has she got …?
Has it got …?
We have (got)
You have (got)
They have (got)

We have not got
You have not got
They have not got

Have we got …?
Have you got …?
Have they got …?




Forma contratta
I’ve (got)
You’ve (got)
He’s (got)
She’s (got)
It’s (got)

I haven’t got
You haven’t got
He hasn’t got
She hasn’t got
It hasn’t got


We’ve (got)
You’ve (got)
They’ve (got)

We haven’t got
You haven’t got
They haven’t got


Forma AFFERMATIVA: Soggetto + TO HAVE (GOT) + complemento (Es: Mark has (got) a car.)
Forma NEGATIVA: Soggetto + TO HAVE GOT + NOT + complemento (Es: Mark hasn't got a car.)
Forma INTERROGATIVA: TO HAVE + soggetto + GOT + complemento (Es: Has Mark got a car?)
Forma INTERRO-NEGATIVA: forma contratta di TO HAVE e NOT+ soggetto + GOT + complemento (Es: Hasn’t Mark got a car?).
AFFERMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA



I had
You had
He had
She had
It had
I didn't have
You didn't have
He didn't have
She didn't have
It didn't have

Did I have…?
Did you have…?
Did he have …?
Did she have…?
Did it have …?
We had
You had
They had

We didn't have
You didn't have
They didn't have

Did we have …?
Did you have …?
Did they have…?
Simple past

Numeri
L’ora
Numeri Cardinali
one 1
eleven 11
twenty-one 21
forty 40
two 2
twelve 12
twenty-two 22
fifty 50
three 3
thirteen 13
twenty-three 23
sixty 60
four 4
fourteen 14
twenty-four 24
seventy 70
five 5
fifteen 15
twenty-five 25
eighty 80
six 6
sixteen 16
twenty-six 26
ninety 90
seven 7
seventeen 17
twenty-seven 27
a (one) hundred 100
eight 8
eighteen 18
twenty-eight 28
a (one) thousand 1,000
nine 9
nineteen 19
twenty-nine 29
ten thousand 10,000
ten 10
twenty 20
thirty 30
a (one) million 1,000,000
O’clock


A
Q
U›
A
R
T
E
R
Half past
Domanda: What time is it, please?
What's the time, please?
Risposta: It’s minuto.. To \Past.. ora.
At………………..(se e alle)
From ………to (dalle… alle)
Am= mattina 0.00 a 12.00
Pm= sera 12.01 a 23.59
Oggi è -> today’s

Numeri Ordinali
the first 1st
the eleventh 11th
the twenty-first 21st
the second 2nd
the twelfth 12th
the twenty-second 22nd
the third 3rd
the thirteenth 13th
the twenty-third 23rd
the fourth 4th
the fourteenth 14th
the thirtieth 30th
the fifth 5th
the fifteenth 15th
the fortieth 40th
the sixth 6th
the sixteenth 16th
the fiftieth 50th
the seventh 7th
the seventeenth 17th
the sixtieth 60th
the eighth 8th
the eighteenth 18th
the hundredth 100th
the ninth 9th
the nineteenth 19th
the thousandth 1,000th
the tenth 10th
the twentieth 20th
the millionth 1,000,000th
midnight -> mezzanotte
midday -> mezzogiorno
Italiano
Inglese
lunedì
monday
martedì
tuesday
mercoledì
wednesday
giovedì
thursday
venerdì
friday
sabato
saturday
domenica
sunday
Mesi dell'anno
January
April
July
October
February
May
August
November
March
June
September
December
resent Simple
to drink
Esempio
I drink
I drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Bevo due litri d'acqua al giorno
you drink
You drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Bevi due litri d'acqua al giorno
he drinks
Ron drinks 2 litres of water every day. -> Ron beve due litri d'acqua al giorno
she drinks
Susan drinks 2 litres of water every day. -> Susan beve due litri d'acqua al giorno
it drinks
My dog drinks 2 litres of water every day. -> Il mio cane beve due litri d'acqua al giorno
we drink
We drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Beviamo due litri d'acqua al giorno
you drink
You drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Bevete due litri d'acqua al giorno
they drink
Ron and Susan drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Ron e Susan bevono due litri d'acqua al giorno

Frase negativa

SOGGETTO + don't/doesn't + infinito senza TO del verbo + COMPLEMENTI
Present Simple
to drink
Esempio
I don't drink
I don't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Non bevo due litri d'acqua al giorno
you don't drink
You don't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Non bevi due litri d'acqua al giorno
he doesn't drink
Ron doesn't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Ron non beve due litri d'acqua al giorno
she doesn't drink
Susan doesn't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Susan non beve due litri d'acqua al giorno
it doesn't drink
My dog doesn't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Il mio cane non beve due litri d'acqua al giorno
we don't drink
We don't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Non beviamo due litri d'acqua al giorno
you don't drink
You don't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Non bevete due litri d'acqua al giorno
they don't drink
Ron and Susan don't drink 2 litres of water every day. -> Ron e Susan non bevono due litri d'acqua al giorno

Frase interrogativa

Do/Does + SOGGETTO + infinito senza TO del verbo + COMPLEMENTI

Present Simple
to drink
Esempio
Do I drink
Do I drink too much water? -> Bevo troppa acqua?
Do you drink
Do you drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Bevi due litri d'acqua al giorno?
Does he drink
Does Ron drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Ron beve due litri d'acqua al giorno?
Does she drink
Does Susan drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Susan beve due litri d'acqua al giorno?
Does it drink
Does your dog drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Il tuo cane beve due litri d'acqua al giorno?
Do we drink
Do we drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Beviamo due litri d'acqua al giorno?
Do you drink
Do you drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Bevete due litri d'acqua al giorno?
Do they drink
Do Ron and Susan drink 2 litres of water every day? -> Ron e Susan bevono due litri d'acqua al giorno?

Frase affermativa
SOGGETTO + Present Simple TO BE + forma -ING del verbo + COMPLEMENTI

Present Progressive
to drink
Esempio
I am drinking
I'm drinking
I am drinking a glass of water. -> Sto bevendo (Bevo) un bicchiere d'acqua
you are drinking
you're drinking
You are drinking a glass of water. -> Stai bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua
he is drinking
he's drinking
Ron is drinking a glass of water. -> Ron sta bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua
she is drinking
she's drinking
Susan is drinking a glass of water. -> Susan sta bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua
it is drinking
it's drinking
My dog is drinking. -> Il mio cane sta bevendo
we are drinking
we're drinking
We are drinking a bottle of water. -> Stiamo bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua
you are drinking
you're drinking
You are drinking a bottle of water. -> State bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua
they are drinking
they're drinking
Ron and Susan are drinking a bottle of water. -> Ron e Susan stanno bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua

Frase negativa
SOGGETTO + Present Simple TO BE + not + forma -ING del verbo + COMPLEMENTI

Present Progressive
to drink
Esempio
I am not drinking
I'm not drinking
I'm not drinking a glass of water. -> Non sto bevendo (Non bevo) un bicchiere d'acqua
you are not drinking
you're not drinking
you aren't drinking
You aren't drinking a glass of water. -> Non stai bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua
he is not drinking
he's not drinking
he isn't drinking
Ron isn't drinking a glass of water. -> Ron non sta bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua
she is not drinking
she's not drinking
she isn't drinking
Susan isn't drinking a glass of water. -> Susan non sta bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua
it is not drinking
it's not drinking
it isn't drinking
My dog isn't drinking. -> Il mio cane non sta bevendo
we are not drinking
we're not drinking
we aren't drinking
We aren't drinking a bottle of water. -> Non stiamo bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua
you are not drinking
you're not drinking
you aren't drinking
You aren't drinking a bottle of water. -> Non state bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua
they are not drinking
they're not drinking
they aren't drinking
Ron and Susan aren't drinking a bottle of water. -> Ron e Susan non stanno bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua

Frase interrogativa

Present Simple TO BE + SOGGETTO + forma -ING del verbo + COMPLEMENTI

Present Progressive
to drink
Esempio
Am I drinking
Am I drinking too much? -> Sto bevendo (Bevo) troppo?
Are you drinking
Are you drinking a glass of water? -> Stai bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua?
Is he drinking
Is Ron drinking a glass of water? -> Ron sta bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua?
Is she drinking
Is Susan drinking a glass of water? -> Susan sta bevendo un bicchiere d'acqua?
Is it drinking
Is my dog drinking? -> Il mio cane sta bevendo?
Are we drinking
Are we drinking too much? -> Stiamo bevendo troppo?
Are you drinking
Are you drinking my bottle of water? -> State bevendo la mia bottiglia d'acqua?
Are they drinking
Are Ron and Susan drinking a bottle of water? -> Ron e Susan stanno bevendo una bottiglia d'acqua?




Frase affermativa

SOGGETTO + Past Simple + COMPLEMENTI

Past Simple
to work
Esempio
I worked
I worked hard last week -> Ho lavorato molto la scorsa settimana
you worked
You worked all night long -> Hai lavorato tutta la notte
he worked
Bob worked in London last summer -> Bob ha lavorato a Londra l'estate scorsa
she worked
She worked as a teacher -> Ha lavorato come insegnante
it worked
It worked very well -> Ha funzionato molto bene
we worked
We worked at home-> Abbiamo lavorato a casa
you worked
You worked together -> Avete lavorato insieme
they worked
They worked here yesterday -> Hanno lavorato qui ieri

I verbi che terminano in -E aggiungono solo la D
Es: to live -> lived
I verbi monosillabi, che terminano con una consonante preceduta da una sola vocale, raddoppiano la consonante prima di aggiungere -ED
Es: to stop -> stopped
I verbi che terminano in -Y preceduta da consonante trasformano la -Y in -I prima di aggiungere -ED
Es: to study -> studied


Frase negativa

SOGGETTO + didn't + infinito senza TO del verbo + COMPLEMENTI

Past Simple
to work
Esempio
I didn't work
I didn't work hard last week -> Non ho lavorato molto la scorsa settimana
you didn't work
You didn't work all night long -> Non hai lavorato tutta la notte
he didn't work
Bob didn't work in London last summer -> Bob non ha lavorato a Londra l'estate scorsa
she didn't work
She didn't work as a teacher -> Non ha lavorato come insegnante
it didn't work
It didn't work very well -> Non ha funzionato molto bene
we didn't work
We didn't work at home -> Non abbiamo lavorato a casa
you didn't work
You didn't work together -> Non avete lavorato insieme
they didn't work
They didn't work here yesterday -> Non hanno lavorato qui ieri


Frase interrogativa

Did + SOGGETTO + infinito senza TO del verbo + COMPLEMENTI

Past Simple
to work
Esempio
Did I work
Did I work hard last week? -> Ho lavorato molto la scorsa settimana?
Did you work
Did you work all night long? -> Hai lavorato tutta la notte?
Did he work
Did Bob work in London last summer? -> Bob ha lavorato a Londra l'estate scorsa?
Did she work
Did she work as a teacher? -> Ha lavorato come insegnante?
Did it work
Did it work well? -> Ha funzionato bene?
Did we work
Did we work for nothing? -> Abbiamo lavorato per niente?
Did you work
Did you work together? -> Avete lavorato insieme?
Did they work
Did they work here yesterday -> Hanno lavorato qui ieri?

Esempio